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Little truth about the things taking place in Middle East. The detailed role of Israel in the war and the beautiful way of keeping the occupation by waging the media. The clock only starts for them when Sky News & NBC start to broadcast their effective and emotional stereotyping of the issues as they want. They care about the mourning families of Israeli soldiers, but they don’t know the names of the family members of 8 out of which 7 were killed on the beach by Israeli warship. They don’t want to hear about that family and the young girl which has lost all he had. Watch and enjoy the clip… I wanted everyone to know the truth from those who only see truth but not the lies and illusions created by the waged media.

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Human evolution is the part of biological evolution concerning the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species from other hominans, great apes and placental mammals. It is the subject of a broad scientific inquiry that seeks to understand and describe how this change occurred. The study of human evolution encompasses many scientific disciplines, most notably physical anthropology, linguistics and genetics.
The term “human”, in the context of human evolution, refers to the genus Homo, but studies of human evolution usually include other hominins, such as the australopithecines. The Homo genus diverged from the australopithecines about 2 million years ago in Africa. Several species of Homo evolved, including Homo erectus, which spread to Asia, and Homo neanderthalensis, which spread to Europe. Homo sapiens evolved between 400,000 and 250,000 years ago. Most scientists favor the view that modern humans evolved in Africa and spread across the globe, replacing populations of H. erectus and Neanderthals. Others view modern humans as having evolved as a single, widespread population.

Starting with H. habilis, humans have used stone tools of increasing sophistication. Starting about 50,000 years ago, human technology and culture began to change more rapidly.
Our Science today, knows how to colonize Life on a Planet, by using High Tech. So, Science and Religion both know that a Planet can be colonized, but can they accept that Earth was colonized? They both have other theories. Science: Life evolved from one cell blue – green algae, into Life as we know it. Religion: The supernatural creation of Life on Earth was by an unknown, supernatural ‘Being’ that looked like Man, also called a Spirit ‘Being’. The Literal Reality is our HTA from Space, Colonized Earth, using High Tech, as we would if we colonized a Planet, by sending in a blue algae bomb to set up an atmosphere needed for our type of Human Life. This is where the blue-green algae came from; that Science says is the original element for evolution.
It seems a modern caldron, seething with rage, terrorism, retaliation, bombing, edged with vying big-power pressures. But it is also a global source land, the wellspring of civilized humanity, of the first cities, architecture, art, farming and engineering, of the first written languages, of that old book, the Bible, espoused by the three great religions, and also, nowadays, of world-besought “black gold” – oil. Organized communities had arisen there by about 4500 B.C. among intermingling groups in the Mesopotamian valley of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Tools and other traces found there of human skill go back 600,000 years. The first written language, the cuneiform system of wedge-shaped symbols etched by a stylus on wet clay, first appeared there about 3200 B.C. Tablets of it record the rise of the sophisticated kingdom of Sumer and later, Akkad, which dominated the region for nearly a millennium. The Sumerian empire centered in present-day Iraq, but its influence spread across the areas of modern-day Syria to the Mediterranean Sea and southward across the lands of modern Jordan and Israel. There Jericho on the Jordan River had an urban culture before 7000 B.C., the world’s oldest known city, subsequently fortified a thick surrounding wall. Egypt’s civilizing impulses began on the fertile banks of the Nile about 3000 B.C., soon after the emergence of Sumer, developing simultaneously with it and borrowing from it. The ancient Egyptian picture writing, hieroglyphics, was believed stimulated by the somewhat earlier cuneiform. Cuneiform survived as an international script until about the sixth century B.C.
In religious ways, people began because God created man and woman, and they reproduced to create the world as it is now. We are said to be all sons and daughters of Adam and Eve. The earth was supposed to be prefect but Adam and Eve had to disobey God and they were punished and now we all live in bad terms. That is another theory of how we got on earth and how the earth is like it is.
From the early Mesopotamians, about 4000 BC, they believed that the earth is the center of the universe and that the other heavenly bodies move around it. Some ancients, such as Aristotle, explained the nightly motion of stars across the sky. The Greek astronomer Ptolemy explained the stars’ being fixed on rotating circles. The Greek astronomer Aristarchus said that the earth revolves around the sun in 270 BC. The Iroquois Indians of North America believed that a heavenly woman was tossed out of heaven, and fell upon a turtle, which turned into the earth. Nicolaus Copernicus described a system in which the planets revolved in circular orbits around the sun, which is the center of the universe. He recognized the rising and the setting of the stars to the rotation of the earth on its axis. In 1796 Laplace said that the universe started from a vast gas cloud, disk shaped and in slow rotation, and worked out an evolutionary sequence ending in a system composed of a central sun, planets and satellites. The German astronomer Johannes Kepler adopted the Copernican system and discovered that the planets move in elliptical orbits all in different speeds. There were many different looks at how the earth was and where it was in relation to the sun and there still are some questions about it. With the tools they had then, it is really a wonder of how they came up with the conclusions of our universe. Although through all the different theory’s, there still are many different ones that everyone thinks actually happened, there are many that are similar, with little differences, but there are also that could never have happened but people still believe them.

There are a lot of theories that people have said and I�m sure that there will be more to come. All these theories come from scientists, astronomers, and religions. The one that I believe in is the big bang theory. The big bang theory is the one that I think really happened because it was researched by scientists and it’s also what most of them believe in too. The big bang theory sounds most logical because the planets had to have been formed some way and most of the other theories aren’t even believable like the one that the Iroquois had believed. Some of them seem pretty reasonable, but to me, the big bang theory is the best.
The third member of the sun is what we call earth. It is our world where we live our life. We never really think of it as just an ordinary planet because we are the only human species in our universe that we know of. Our universe has become how it is through long years of peace and destruction. It first started as a regular rock in the sky and as it cooled down, atoms and life forms started to form, and then we had living things on the earth. Through time there were dinosaurs and monkey and birds and after thousands of years, humans came. The humans changed the world in a very dramatic way. With out the humans, our world would be a rock in the world with living plants and some animals.
Humans have changed it for the good and the bad. The bad things are that they pollute the earth very bad and it kills animals and plants when they throw things on the ground. They also cut down our oxygen supplies. They cut down trees where it was unnecessary like where they wanted to put a house or something. Some people kill animals just for the fun, or the head, or the skin. The earth has had a really big change since when it first formed and it is going to keep on changing till it is gone. People are going to come up with new technology and invent new things that will change the world and the people in it. If you think about it, it is actually really scary how the earth was once just a rock floating in the sky and now it is the most reliable thing that we need in life, is to have something to live on and to provide us with what we need.
There are hundreds of theories of how the universe was formed and with all the technology that we have, we still aren’t positive about how and when it was formed. It is a thing we may actually never know. From the most believable theories like the big bang theory, to the most ridiculous ones like a woman falling from heaven and landing upon a turtle, calling it earth, but all of these theories were at one point believed by many different people. All religions and families have different beliefs on how it was created and you can’t change someone’s mind by telling them that a theory is the one that is most believed to be right. Everyone will have different theories till our universe is gone. No one may never know the real creation and the exact date of the universe and that’s how it will probably remain.
Today, all humans are classified as belonging to the species Homo sapiens sapiens. However, this is not the first species of hominids: the first species of genus Homo, Homo habilis evolved in East Africa at least 2 million years ago, and members of this species populated different parts of Africa in a relatively short time. Homo erectus evolved more than 1.8 million years ago, and by 1.5 million years ago had spread throughout the Old World. Virtually all physical anthropologists agree that Homo sapiens evolved out of Homo erectus. Anthropologists have been divided as to whether Homo sapiens evolved as one interconnected species from H. erectus (called the Multiregional Model, or the Regional Continuity Model), or evolved only in East Africa, and then migrated out of Africa and replaced H. erectus populations throughout the Old World (called the Out of Africa Model or the Complete Replacement Model). Anthropologists continue to debate both possibilities, and the evidence is technically ambiguous as to which model is correct, although most anthropologists currently favor the Out of Africa model.
Advocates of the Multiregional model, primarily Milford Wolpoff and his associates, have argued that the simultaneous evolution of H. sapiens in different parts of Europe and Asia would have been possible if there was a degree of gene flow between archaic populations. Similarities of morphological features between archaic European and Chinese populations and modern H. sapiens from the same regions, Wolpoff argues, support a regional continuity only possible within the Multiregional model. Wolpoff and others further argue that this model is consistent with clinal patterns of phenotypic variation.
According to the Out of Africa Model, developed by Chris Stringer and Peter Andrews, modern H. sapiens evolved in Africa 200,000 years ago. Homo sapiens began migrating from Africa between 70,000 – 50,000 years ago and would eventually replace existing hominid species in Europe and Asia. The Out of Africa Model has gained support by recent research using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). After analyzing genealogy trees constructed using 133 types of mtDNA, they concluded that all were descended from a woman from Africa, dubbed Mitochondrial Eve.
There are differing theories on whether there was a single exodus, or several (a Multiple Dispersal Model). A Multiple Dispersal Model involves the Southern Dispersal theory, which has gained support in recent years from genetic, linguistic and archaeological evidence. In this theory, there was a coastal dispersal of modern humans from the Horn of Africa around 70,000 years ago. This group helped to populate Southeast Asia and Oceania, explaining the discovery of early human sites in these areas much earlier than those in the Levant. A second wave of humans dispersed across the Sinai Peninsula into Asia, resulting in the bulk of human population for Eurasia. This second group possessed a more sophisticated tool technology and was less dependent on coastal food sources than the original group. Much of the evidence for the first group’s expansion would have been destroyed by the rising sea levels at the end of the Holocene era.
In a recent article, Leonard Lieberman and Fatimah Jackson have called attention to the fact that although the concepts of cline, population, and ethnicity, as well as humanitarian and political concerns, have led many scientists away from the notion of race; a recent survey showed that physical anthropologists were evenly divided as to whether race is a valid biological concept. Noting that among physical anthropologists the vast majority of opposition to the race concept comes from population geneticists, any new support for a biological concept of race will likely come from another source, namely, the study of human evolution. They therefore ask what, if any, implications current models of human evolution may have for any biological conception of race.

References
Darwin, Charles (1861). On the Origin of Species, 3rd. New York: John Murray

G. J. Sawyer, Viktor Deak, Esteban Sarmiento, Richard Milner. (2007). The Last Human: A Guide to Twenty-Two Species of Extinct Human. Yale: Yale University Press

Robert H. Lavenda and Emily A. Shultz. (2008) Anthropology, what does it mean to be human? New York: Oxford

Chris Stringer and Peter Andrews. (2005). The Complete World of Human Evolution. New York: Thames & Hudson

Drug abuse is related to the use of forbidden substances that by law are restricted in a community and country. It doesn’t matter whether that substance is harmful or harmless to the body when it is stated as restricted. Drug abuse is also referred as the use of drugs in so much quantity that it causes harmful effects on a body both physically and mentally and provides an unbearable loss of the person’s social functionality (Abadinsky, 2007).

Drug abuse is a very common fact of our society. People know about the Drug abuse but are not really obliged by it unless someone very close to them is abused. We all know that what kind of consequences a person has to bear when he starts to use drugs. We have a common perception that the drugs like marijuana, cocaine, heroin etc. are the only ones which are restricted in the societies and there use can really paralyze the lived of those who use them. Drug abuse is not ending here. Most of the times a person who is taking too much amount of drug which is harmless and is used for treatment, he unconsciously becomes addicted to it. Thus its use makes him a victim of self abusing. We have numerous cases around us where we see that people use too much sleeping pills and relaxation tablets that make them addicted to these. Even in normal conditions a person who is addicted with sleeping pills needs to sleep, he requires those pills. This makes there whole system dependent on those drugs and consequently retarding their mental and physical abilities to respond and perceive.

The drugs cause a direct effect on the victim physically. It causes harmful effects on different organs which stop to function properly. Take a simple example of drinking. Drinking is thought to provide a careless sensation when used for relaxation. But at the mean time, it affects the kidneys of the person. Use of cocaine and heroine provides a blockage in the brain and makes it senseless. The senselessness makes the victim to enjoy said moments but this blockage affects heart and lungs to function properly and can cause death as well (Landry, 1994).

Drugs also provide psychological affects on the victim. It is the fact when the victim consumes less amount of drugs then he requires, anxiety attacks on his personality (Abadinsky, 2007). This makes the victim to become senseless and restless. In the need to get more, he commits serious offences like violence, abusing etc. Thus his only objective is to get drugs. By running after the drugs, he is abolishing his economical and social life. The families who are dependent on him just go begging.

Drug Abuse is a serious problem in our society and it should be dealt in a serious way. For many years each country provides a harsh policy on the Drug abusing and takes step in order to eradicate it. But certain steps must be taken at the low level and the people should be made more acknowledged to the hazards they can cause in their after life if they become addicted to drugs.

References

Abadinsky, Howard. (2007). Drug Use and Abuse: A Comprehensive Introduction. New York: Wadsworth Publishing.

Landry, Mim J. (1994). Understanding Drugs of Abuse: The Processes of Addiction, Treatment, and Recovery. New York: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.

Alcohol, in chemistry is an organic compound which is formed when hydroxyl group bounds with a carbon atom which is present is alkyl group in the periodic table. Alcohol topic is far more important then it formula. Alcohol is colorless and volatile liquid which can be obtained by fermentation. Fermentation is a process in which converts sugars in the food into alcohol by using yeast or bacteria.
Alcohol has many uses in medical field. It is used as antiseptic, sedative and cleaner with addition to its mixture in many medicines. Alcohol is also used in many liquid beverages to provide a cooling effect to the body.
Alcohol on the other hand also is the genesis of many problems. Its regular usage provides the source of addiction. Addiction of alcohol is the practice in which an addicted person is in always need of the alcohol which eventually destroys his life mentally, physically, emotionally and financially.

High usage of alcohol provides high risk of fatality and various disorders in the human body. Researchers believe that alcohol should be considered as lethal as cocaine. It has been observed that 29% of the males take alcoholic drinks on weekly basis. The use of alcoholic drinks early in the age provides significant loss of various senses of the body apart from the other effects it gives afterwards. Moreover, alcohol has been considered a source for relaxation in many forms of groups of people which contradicts the study of researchers that it is one the major source of depression with sleeping pills. People use to drink alcohol to avoid various critical tensions they have and unknowingly are involved in much more problems. More research states that around 50% of alcoholic users have fatty liver which is the start when the liver stops working properly. Liver cirrhosis is the disorder that is resulted by the frequent use of alcohol.
Alcohol at the time drinking provides far more superior feelings which provide him unconsciousness. Basically, the unconsciousness is due to the reason that the liver unable to metabolize the alcohol at steady pace due to its overdose which then gives unconsciousness to the drinker and loss of coordination senses. Overdose can cause a decline in the heartbeat, lungs and the person is unable to perform simple neurological functions as the pulse rate goes down. Vomiting at the end can create the brain damage due to the access of alcohol in the blood and it can cause death as well. A normal person at first losses his composure on work and is becomes unable to carefully focus on issues. He comes impaired and depress because many important parts of the body don’t work properly.
The recovery for alcohol addict is not impossible. The recovery process is time consuming and requires hard exercises. The recovery process is very same to the ones that are being exhibited in other forms of drug addicts. The recovery process basically forces the patient to change habits. A person can recover from alcoholism, but after being cured it becomes imperative that the mind conditioning of the patient continues for a longer period to give alcohol up for rest of your life. This conditioning of mind is an important tool in these regards.
On the whole, the alcohol is considered as an abuse in all the countries whether they are permitted by the governments or not. However, the warnings are always exhibited for in all the countries to not to be a part of alcohol addict family by stating probable consequences one has to bear.

References

Ketcham, Katherine. Asbury, William F. Schulstad, Mel. & Ciaramicoli, Arthur P. (2000). Beyond the Influence: Understanding and Defeating Alcoholism. New York: Bantam.

A Test Report:

The disputed territory of Kashmir is the oldest conflict that has yet to be resolved by United Nations between India and Pakistan. The history of Kashmir goes back to the independence of Indian Subcontinent from the British Empire in 1947. The division of Indian Subcontinent was based on the majority of the religious population so if an area has a majority of the Muslim population that area was supposed to become a part of Pakistan after 14 August 1947. The ruler of Kashmir was Sikh and was against the Muslims of Pakistan and therefore he resisted deciding Kashmir’s succession to either Pakistan or India because if succeeded to India the Muslim majority would not have tolerated. But the situation went wrong when ruler decided to force some taxation laws at the same time and initiated a rebellion from a separatist group in the Western part of Kashmir. The pushtons, residents of the North Western Frontier Province of Pakistan, backed up by the Pakistan army entered the Kashmir and announced independence from the Sikh ruler (Schofield, 2003). The rebellion was spreading to the Eastern part when Sikh ruler signaled Indian army to take control of the remaining area. This ignited a war between the Western Kashmir and the Jammu & Kashmir controlled by the Indians. The ruler ran away by selling the Indian controlled Kashmir to India very cheaply. The war ended with the setting up of a control line between the two Kashmiri regions and Jammu & Kashmir became a disputed territory waiting for the resolution.

The relation between India and Pakistan are currently dependent upon the conflict resolution of Kashmir. Both of the countries are quite reluctant to indulge into arm activities in the other country that could somehow impact the peace and economical conditions but the issue of Kashmir always gets the last file on the discussion table. The point of view that is forwarded by Pakistan is an election that should be fair and free from corruption handled by the United Nations and overseen by international observers that could enable the Kashmiri people to decide their fate by either succeeding to India or Pakistan. The problem is that after more than fifty years, India has not agreed to conduct these fair elections. What they had been doing is the conduction of the election that makes the Indian backed party to win. Traitors like Farooq Abdullah are consistently hindering the objectives of the Muslims living in Kashmir to get freedom.

Many war have been fought between two countries which include the war in 1947, 1965 and then in 1999. The centers have been the borders of Kashmir and if not Kashmir the objective has been to make the country weaker by attacking sensitive areas to dictate surrendering. Kargil war, Sia chen Glacier war and other have taken place which have continued to take thousands of lives of the Muslims living in Kashmir and the soldiers of both the countries but the stance of both the countries remain same and no one has backed down by a single percent (Schofield, 2003). United Nations always has been there to involve and stop the war but it hasn’t been able to force India to call up free and fair elections that has even triggered criticism from high profile political personalities. No matter what are the causes, United Nations has failed when it comes to the consensus of Kashmir.

The confrontations of the two countries are not only limited to the wars that have taken place. In every walk of life both of the countries have tried to cause barriers in the progress of the other. The Indian Intelligence Agency RAW has been found involved in various separatist movements in Baluchistan and NWFP province of Pakistan. They have also been found to have supported different terrorists groups in Pakistan. The war of 1971 which ended in the Independence of Bangladesh from Pakistan was because of the Indian army supporting rebellion in East Pakistan. The nuclear assets have been in discussion all around the world and the most responsive area is still the Indian Subcontinent where both countries have tried to make their defense invincible (Bose, 2005). Both countries have tested their nuclear bombs and are active in missile preparation.

The political leaders and head of government have placed various meetings so that the countries should come close to each other for mutual benefits but because of the Indian stubbornness in the Kashmir issue, all these discussions have been useless. The serious discussions started in 1999 when President Gen. Pervaiz Musharraf of Pakistan came into power. He was more reluctant to resolve the Kashmir issue and remove the barriers between the two countries but the situation has become flawed after he departed (Bose, 2005). Both countries have been accusing the other for the terrorism in their country and because of the recent Mumbai attacks the confrontation became inevitable as the armies from both countries came face to face on the borders.

The residents of Jammu & Kashmir controlled by India became involved in the fighting after 1990 when Indian army initiated an era of power and ruthlessness by killing and raping Muslim women. Before that it were the Indian and Pakistani army who were fighting at various battlegrounds but in 1990 the Kashmiri residents became active as well. After these incidents, the men from the victimized families entered Pakistan and got training from the Pakistani army. This was the start of the separatist movement so called rebellion by the India. Pakistan after 1990 changed its policy towards Jammu & Kashmir because of the change of the approach of Indians towards the Muslims of Kashmir (Wirsing, 1994). From 1990 to up till now it is thought that around hundred thousand Muslims have been martyred by the Indian occupied military in Kashmir.

Whatever the reasons are there that are resisting India to take evasive actions that could guarantee a free and fair consensus has made India a culprit. United Nations silence in the issues against the Muslims has ignited a fierce response from various Muslim countries starting the armed wars. The issue of Palestine is another one where United Nations has become an observer rather than solver. The Kashmir issue is much more than the territorial dispute because it is primarily a problem of beliefs and principles which India has been resisting to solve and the major powers of the world are silenced because of the economical benefits they could gain by supporting India. When the countries confront dialogue the solution of the issue becomes another problem because it is quite clear that India will not give up Jammu & Kashmir with fair consensus. There must be something else on which both countries could agree upon. One such solution was forwarded by Gen. Pervaiz Musharraf, then president of Pakistan to join two Kashmir regions i.e. which are under control of India and Pakistan and make it a demilitarized zone where the people are free to travel. This way the Kashmir issue will be resolved and the relation of both countries will also prosper but it seems that it will not happen any soon because of the strength of stance from the both countries to not to give up their accessed lands.

Work Cited

Schofield, Victoria. Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War. New York: I.B.Tauris, 2003.

Bose, Sumantra. Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2005.

Wirsing, Robert. 1994. India, Pakistan, and the Kashmir Dispute: On Regional Conflict and Its Resolution. New York: Macmillan, 1994.